2 At the other end of the spectrum is ICI‐related myocarditis, which is an uncommon IRAE, but is associated with a high reported mortality. The most common fatal IRAE is colitis, but the associated mortality is low at 2% to 5%. Parallel with the increased use, recognition of immune‐related adverse events (IRAEs) has also improved. The indications for their use in cancer treatment continue to expand for an increasing number of malignancies, and in some as first‐line therapy. There are currently 7 US Food and Drug Administration–approved ICIs, which include ipilimumab (anti‐CTLA4), nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab (anti–PD‐1), avelumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab (anti–PD‐L1) ( Table). 1 ICIs are monoclonal antibodies that target the host immune negative regulation receptors, such as CTLA‐4 (cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte–associated protein 4), programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD‐1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1). Among the immunotherapy armamentarium are immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown promising results. One of the most exciting developments in cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which uses the immune system to attack malignancies. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy and novel cancer therapies have various cardiotoxicities, ranging from heart failure to arrhythmias. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).

Monkey Hill Gold by Patricia Bernard